With his Basic Laws of Human Stupidity, economist Carlo M. Cipolla demurred at the received notion of a "self-evident" truth of human equality:
"It is my firm conviction, supported by years of observation and experimentation, that men are not equal, that some are stupid and others are not, and that the difference is determined by nature and not by cultural forces or factors."
Cipolla's Basic Laws of Human Stupidity
1. Always and inevitably everyone underestimates the number of stupid individuals in circulation.
2. The probability that a certain person be stupid is independent of any other characteristic of that person.
3. A stupid person is a person who caused losses to another person or to a group of persons while himself deriving no gain and even possibly incurring losses.
4. Non-stupid people always underestimate the damaging power of stupid individuals. In particular non-stupid people constantly forget that at all times and places and under any circumstances to deal and/or associate with stupid people always turns out to be costly mistake.
5. A stupid person is the most dangerous type of person.
In this view, what we should be uniting ourselves against, whether as a community, society, nation, race, or whatever, is not drugs, crime, Godlessness, poverty or whatever, but rather stupidity. However, to combat something that is truly a natural and endogenous characteristic of some individuals would entail social measures that should radically challenge our current political and ethical structures. Perhaps the political system that will supplant ours is the one that clears the egalitarian hurdle to better mitigate the inimical effects of human stupidity.
The Basic Laws of Human Stupidity